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the last word

Photography meets digital computer technology. Photography wins -- most of the time.

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Nyquist and aliasing, with examples

August 26, 2025 JimK Leave a Comment

Harry Nyquist was a Swedish-American engineer and physicist who spent much of his career at Bell Labs. In the 1920s and 30s he worked on telegraphy, feedback stability, and thermal noise, and in the process laid down results that became bedrock for how we think about sampling. His name is attached to a simple rule… [Read More]

The Last Word

Fuji GFX 100RF Siemens star testing, corrections defeated

August 24, 2025 JimK Leave a Comment

Here are the same images as the preceeding post, but presented with Lightrooms profile correction and LaCA correction defeated. In the center:         And in the corner:   The lens corrections are lifting the corners and hiding the vignetting at f/4.     This is a fine lens, considering its design emphasises… [Read More]

The Last Word

Exposure metering

August 6, 2025 JimK 5 Comments

In the earliest days of photography, exposure was judged by experience, trial and error, and often by educated guesswork. As materials became more sensitive and photographers sought greater control, metering systems emerged to offer a more systematic approach. One of the first formal systems was extinction metering. The principle was simple: a card or device… [Read More]

The Last Word

Raw exposure in situations that aren’t light-limited

August 3, 2025 JimK 17 Comments

If there is plenty of light, raw exposure is usually not intellectually difficult with modern CMOS full-frame or larger cameras. The mantra is a twist on the old film rule: expose for the highlights, develop for the shadows. The idea is to give as generous an exposure as possible, subject to the constraint that important… [Read More]

The Last Word

Combining aberrations three at a time, peppers

August 3, 2025 JimK Leave a Comment

Yesterday I posted images of aberrations taken three at a time using a Siemens star as a target. Today I’m posting the same set of aberrations in the same format using a classic image processing test image. You will see that it’s much harder to sort out what the aberrations are doing to the images…. [Read More]

The Last Word

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Articles

  • About
    • Patents and papers about color
    • Who am I?
  • How to…
    • Backing up photographic images
    • How to change email providers
    • How to shoot slanted edge images for me
  • Lens screening testing
    • Equipment and Software
    • Examples
      • Bad and OK 200-600 at 600
      • Excellent 180-400 zoom
      • Fair 14-30mm zoom
      • Good 100-200 mm MF zoom
      • Good 100-400 zoom
      • Good 100mm lens on P1 P45+
      • Good 120mm MF lens
      • Good 18mm FF lens
      • Good 24-105 mm FF lens
      • Good 24-70 FF zoom
      • Good 35 mm FF lens
      • Good 35-70 MF lens
      • Good 60 mm lens on IQ3-100
      • Good 63 mm MF lens
      • Good 65 mm FF lens
      • Good 85 mm FF lens
      • Good and bad 25mm FF lenses
      • Good zoom at 24 mm
      • Marginal 18mm lens
      • Marginal 35mm FF lens
      • Mildly problematic 55 mm FF lens
      • OK 16-35mm zoom
      • OK 60mm lens on P1 P45+
      • OK Sony 600mm f/4
      • Pretty good 16-35 FF zoom
      • Pretty good 90mm FF lens
      • Problematic 400 mm FF lens
      • Tilted 20 mm f/1.8 FF lens
      • Tilted 30 mm MF lens
      • Tilted 50 mm FF lens
      • Two 15mm FF lenses
    • Found a problem – now what?
    • Goals for this test
    • Minimum target distances
      • MFT
      • APS-C
      • Full frame
      • Small medium format
    • Printable Siemens Star targets
    • Target size on sensor
      • MFT
      • APS-C
      • Full frame
      • Small medium format
    • Test instructions — postproduction
    • Test instructions — reading the images
    • Test instructions – capture
    • Theory of the test
    • What’s wrong with conventional lens screening?
  • Previsualization heresy
  • Privacy Policy
  • Recommended photographic web sites
  • Using in-camera histograms for ETTR
    • Acknowledgments
    • Why ETTR?
    • Normal in-camera histograms
    • Image processing for in-camera histograms
    • Making the in-camera histogram closely represent the raw histogram
    • Shortcuts to UniWB
    • Preparing for monitor-based UniWB
    • A one-step UniWB procedure
    • The math behind the one-step method
    • Iteration using Newton’s Method

Category List

Recent Comments

  • Thomas on GFX 100 II pixel shift
  • JimK on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • Pieter Kers on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • Stefan Feaux de Lacroix on Fujifilm GFX 100RF inclusive review
  • Lou Jost on Leica 280/4 Apo-Telyt R on GFX 50R in infrared
  • JimK on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • JimK on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • Craig Stocks on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • Tim Wilson on Why wide-angle lenses stretch the edges of the frame
  • Erik Kaffehr on Sharpness and aliasing, one more time

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Unless otherwise noted, all images copyright Jim Kasson.